Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Definition: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. It typically begins in childhood and can continue into adulthood, affecting various aspects of life including academic performance, occupational functioning, social interactions, and overall quality of life. Historical Perspective: The understanding of ADHD has evolved significantly. Initially described as a childhood behavioral disorder in the early 20th century, it was later recognized as a condition that can persist into adulthood. The current diagnostic criteria are outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Epidemiology: ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 5-10% of children worldwide. Prevalence varies by region and diagnostic criteria. Boys are more commonly diagnosed than girls, but increasing awareness has led to more diagnoses in girls and adults. Symptoms and Diagnostic Criteria: ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. According to the DSM-5, these symptoms must be present for at least six months, be inappropriate for the individual's developmental level, and cause significant impairment in functioning. Symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g., home, school, or work). Inattention Symptoms: Careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, not listening, not following through on instructions, disorganization, avoiding tasks requiring sustained mental effort, losing things, easily distracted, forgetfulness. Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Symptoms: Fidgeting, leaving seat, running or climbing in inappropriate situations, inability to play quietly, acting "on the go," excessive talking, blurting out answers, difficulty waiting for turn, interrupting others. Subtypes of ADHD: Predominantly Inattentive Presentation Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation Combined Presentation Causes and Risk Factors: ADHD is believed to result from a combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Genetic Factors: Strong genetic component with a heritability rate of about 70-80%. Specific genes associated with the dopamine system have been implicated. Neurobiological Factors: Structural and functional brain differences, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Neurotransmitter dysregulation involving dopamine and norepinephrine. Environmental Factors: Prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and toxins, premature birth, low birth weight, birth complications, and early exposure to high levels of lead and other toxins. Impact on Daily Life: ADHD can significantly affect academic performance, occupational functioning, and social interactions. Academic Impact: Difficulty with attention, organization, and task completion leading to lower grades and higher absenteeism. Occupational Impact: Challenges in managing time, meeting deadlines, and staying organized, leading to higher job turnover and lower occupational attainment. Social Impact: Difficulty forming and maintaining relationships due to impulsive behavior and poor listening skills, leading to social rejection and lower self-esteem
08 Jul
Health, Wealth

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuro developmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. It is typically identified in childhood and can continue into adulthood. ADHD affects various aspects of life, including academic performance, occupational functioning, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

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